Yiziphi izitayela zekhwalithi yomoya wasendlini kanye nemiphumela yazo empilweni yabantu?

Ngokwesilinganiso, abantu baseMelika bachitha cishe amaphesenti angama-90 esikhathi sabo besendlini
1. Ukugxiliswa kwangaphakathi kwezinye izinto ezingcolisayo ngokuvamile kuphakama izikhathi ezi-2 kuya kwezi-5 kunokugxilisa okujwayelekile kwangaphandle.
2. Abantu ngokuvamile abasengozini enkulu emiphumeleni emibi yokungcola (isb, abancane kakhulu, asebekhulile, labo abanesifo senhliziyo nemithambo yegazi noma ukuphefumula) bavame ukuchitha isikhathi esiningi besendlini.
3. Ukugxiliswa kwangaphakathi kwezinye izinto ezingcolisayo kuye kwanda emashumini eminyaka amuva nje ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo esiwonga ugesi (lapho kuntuleka umoya owanele womshini ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukushintshaniswa komoya okwanele) Izibulala-zinambuzane, nezihlanzi zasendlini.

Ukungcola kanye Nemithombo
Ukungcola okujwayelekile kuhlanganisa:
• Imikhiqizo evuthayo efana ne-carbon monoxide, i-particle nentuthu kagwayi ezungezile.
• Izinto zemvelo, njenge-radon, i-pet dander, nesikhunta.
• Izinto eziphilayo ezifana nesikhunta.
• Izibulala-zinambuzane, umthofu kanye ne-asbestos.
• I-ozone (evela kwezinye izinto zokuhlanza umoya).
• Ama-VOC ahlukahlukene avela emikhiqizweni ehlukahlukene kanye nezinto zokwakha.

Izinto ezingcolisayo eziningi ezithinta izinga lomoya wasendlini zivela ngaphakathi kwezakhiwo, kodwa ezinye ziphuma ngaphandle.
• Imithombo yasendlini (imithombo engaphakathi kwesakhiwo ngokwaso). Imithombo evuthayo esendaweni yasendlini, okuhlanganisa ugwayi, izinkuni namalahle izinto zokushisisa nezamalahle, kanye nezindawo zokubasa, ikhipha imikhiqizo evuthayo eyingozi njenge-carbon monoxide kanye ne-particle ngqo endaweni yasendlini. Izimpahla zokuhlanza, upende, izibulala-zinambuzane, neminye imikhiqizo evame ukusetshenziswa yethula amakhemikhali amaningi ahlukene, kuhlanganise nezakhi eziphilayo eziguquguqukayo, ngqo emoyeni wasendlini. Izinto zokwakha nazo ziyimithombo engaba khona, kungaba ngezinto ezonakalisiwe (isibonelo, imicu ye-asbestos ekhishwe ekugqumeni kwesakhiwo) noma ezintweni ezintsha (isibonelo, ukuchithwa kwamakhemikhali emikhiqizweni yokhuni ecindezelwe). Ezinye izinto ezisemoyeni wasendlini ziyimvelo yemvelo, njenge-radon, isikhunta, ne-pet dander.

• Imithombo yangaphandle: Izinto ezingcolisa umoya zangaphandle zingangena ezakhiweni ngeminyango evulekile, amafasitela, izimiso zokungena komoya, kanye nemifantu yesakhiwo. Ezinye izinto ezingcolisayo zingena ezindlini ngezisekelo zokwakha. I-radon, isibonelo, yakha ngaphansi komhlaba lapho i-uranium yenzeka ngokwemvelo emadwaleni nasekuboleni kwenhlabathi. I-radon ingangena esakhiweni ngemifantu noma izikhala esakhiweni. Intuthu eyingozi evela koshimula ingaphinde ingene ezindlini, ingcolise umoya ezindlini nasemiphakathini. Ezindaweni lapho amanzi angaphansi komhlaba noma inhlabathi engcolile, amakhemikhali aguquguqukayo angangena ezakhiweni ngenqubo efanayo. Amakhemikhali aguquguqukayo ezinhlelweni zamanzi angangena futhi emoyeni wasendlini lapho abakhileyo besebenzisa amanzi (isib. ukugeza, ukupheka). Ekugcineni, lapho abantu bengena ezakhiweni, bangase balethe ukungcola nothuli oluvela ngaphandle ezicathulweni nasezimpahleni zabo, kanye nezinto ezingcolisayo ezinamathele kulezi zinhlayiya.

Ezinye Izinto Ezithinta Ikhwalithi Yomoya Wasendlini
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izici ezimbalwa zingathinta ikhwalithi yomoya wasendlini, okuhlanganisa amazinga okushintshaniswa komoya, isimo sezulu sangaphandle, izimo zezulu, nokuziphatha kwabantu abangaphakathi. Izinga lokushintshana komoya elingaphandle liyisici esibalulekile ekunqumeni ukugcwala kokungcola komoya endlini. Izinga lokushintshana komoya lithonywa ukuklanywa, ukwakhiwa kanye nemingcele yokusebenza kwesakhiwo futhi ekugcineni kuwumsebenzi wokungena (umoya ugeleza esakhiweni ngokusebenzisa izintuba, amajoyinti kanye nemifantu ezindongeni, phansi kanye nosilingi naseduze kweminyango namafasitela), ukungena komoya okungokwemvelo (umoya ugeleza ngokugeleza okuvulekile phakathi kwamafasitela nezicabha) kanye nokungena komoya ngomshini (umoya uphoqeleka ukuba ungene ekamelweni noma uphume ekamelweni ngesisetshenziswa sokungenisa umoya esinjengefeni noma isistimu yokubamba umoya).

Isimo sezulu sangaphandle kanye nezimo zezulu kanye nokuziphatha kwabantu abangaphakathi nakho kungathinta ikhwalithi yomoya wasendlini. Izimo zezulu zingathinta ukuthi abahlali bezakhiwo bayavula noma bavale amafasitela nokuthi basebenzisa ama-air conditioner, ama-humidifiers noma izifudumezi, konke okuthinta ikhwalithi yomoya wasendlini. Izimo ezithile zesimo sezulu zingandisa amathuba okuba umswakama wasendlini kanye nokukhula kwesikhunta ngaphandle kokukhipha umoya ofanele noma izilawuli zesimo somoya.

Umthelela empilweni yomuntu
Imiphumela yezempilo ehambisana nezinto ezingcolisa umoya zasendlini ihlanganisa:
• Ukucasuka emehlweni, ikhala nomphimbo.
• Ikhanda elibuhlungu, isiyezi nokukhathala.
• Isifo sokuphefumula, isifo senhliziyo nomdlavuza.

Ukuxhumana phakathi kwezinye izinto ezingcolisa umoya ezivamile zasendlini (isb. i-radon, ukungcola kwezinhlayiyana, i-carbon monoxide, i-Legionella) kanye nemiphumela yezempilo kwaziwa kahle.
• I-radon iyi-carcinogen eyaziwayo yabantu futhi iyimbangela yesibili ehamba phambili yomdlavuza wamaphaphu.

I-Carbon monoxide inobuthi, futhi ukuchayeka okwesikhashana emazingeni aphakeme e-carbon monoxide endaweni yasendlini kungabulala.

Isifo se-Legionnaires, uhlobo lwenyumoniya olubangelwa ukuchayeka kubhaktheriya we-Legionella, sihlotshaniswa nezakhiwo ezinesimo somoya esinganakekelwa kahle noma amasistimu okushisa.

Izinto eziningi ezingcolisa umoya zasendlini -- izibungu zothuli, isikhunta, isilwane esifuywayo, intuthu kagwayi yendawo ezungezile, izinto ezingazwani namaphela, izinhlayiya, njll. -- "izibangeli zesifuba somoya," okusho ukuthi abanye abaphethwe yisifuba somoya bangase bahlaselwe yisifuba somoya ngemva kokuchayeka.
Nakuba imiphumela emibi yezempilo iye yabangelwa ukungcola okuthile, ukuqonda kwesayensi kwezinye izindaba zekhwalithi yomoya yasendlini kusavela.

Isibonelo esisodwa "i-sick building syndrome," eyenzeka lapho abahlali bezakhiwo bethola izimpawu ezifanayo ngemva kokungena esakhiweni esithile, ezincipha noma zinyamalale ngemva kokuphuma kwesakhiwo. Lezi zimpawu ziya ngokuya zibangelwa izakhiwo ezahlukahlukene zomoya wasendlini.

Abacwaningi futhi bebetadisha ubudlelwano phakathi kwekhwalithi yomoya wasendlini kanye nezindaba ezibalulekile ngokwesiko ezithathwa njengezingahlobene nempilo, ezifana nokusebenza komfundi ekilasini kanye nokukhiqiza kuzilungiselelo zobungcweti.

Enye indawo ethuthukayo yocwaningo ukuklama, ukwakhiwa, ukusebenza nokugcinwa "kwezakhiwo eziluhlaza" ukuze kusetshenziswe amandla kagesi kanye nekhwalithi yomoya yasendlini ethuthukisiwe.

I-ROE Index
Nakuba kuningi okwaziwayo mayelana nezinhlobonhlobo zezinkinga zekhwalithi yomoya wasendlini kanye nemiphumela yezempilo ehlobene, ezimbili kuphela izinkomba zikazwelonke zekhwalithi yomoya wasendlini ezisekelwe kudatha yesikhathi eside nekhwalithi ezitholakalayo okwamanje: i-radon ne-serum cotinine(isilinganiso sokuchayeka kwentuthu kagwayi. Inkomba.)

Ngezizathu ezahlukahlukene, amamethrikhi e-ROE awakwazi ukuthuthukiswa kwezinye izindaba zekhwalithi yomoya yasendlini. Isibonelo, ayikho inethiwekhi yokuqapha ezweni lonke evamise ukukala ikhwalithi yomoya ngaphakathi kwesampula evumelekile ngokwezibalo yamakhaya, izikole, nezakhiwo zamahhovisi. Lokhu akusho ukuthi akukho okwaziwayo mayelana nezinhlobonhlobo zezindaba zekhwalithi yomoya wasendlini kanye nemiphumela yezempilo ehlobene. Kunalokho, ulwazi nedatha ngalezi zindaba ingatholwa ezincwadini zikahulumeni nezincwadi zesayensi. Le datha awethulwanga njengezinkomba ze-ROE ngenxa yokuthi ayimele izwe lonke noma ayibonisi izinkinga esikhathini eside ngokwanele.